Regulation Of Intellectual Property Rights Research Articles

Foreign direct investment and environmental degradation: Can intellectual property rights help G20 countries achieve carbon neutrality?

The G20 comprises rich, industrialized, and powerful nations that advance the world economy through foreign direct investment (FDI). Nevertheless, these countries account for the largest share of global carbon dioxide emissions (CO2). Enforcing intellectual property rights (IPRs) has become a useful tool for stimulating clean technologies to mitigate climate change. This study examines how IPR enforcement moderated the inflow of FDI and carbon emissions in the G20 from 2001 to 2017. We applied the Driscoll-Kraay robust standard error technique, Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares (FMOLS), Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS), and Dumitrescu-Hurlin causality tests. The results show that FDI increases emissions, thus confirming the pollution haven effect. Long-term estimates suggest that the moderating role of IPRs in FDI significantly reduces environmental degradation. Causality analysis shows that FDI causes CO2 emissions in the long run, and carbon emissions enforce IPR regulations. Furthermore, we observed bidirectional causality between IPRs, FDI relationships, and carbon emissions. Based on these results, policymakers should enhance IPR policies and encourage clean technology through FDI among G20 members. In addition, governments should promote the clean-up of industrial processes, green finance, and the consumption of eco-friendly technologies, such as renewable energy, to achieve carbon neutrality.

CEOs scientific background and firm innovation: evidence from China

Purpose This study aims to inspect the impact of Chief Executive Officers’ (CEOs) education in a “specific field,” such as CEOs with science and engineering backgrounds on firms’ innovation. Based on agency theory, this study also reports how an endogenous factor, i.e. CEOs’ compensation, and an exogenous factor such as intellectual property rights (IPR), moderate the CEOs with a scientific background (CEOSB)-innovation relationship. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a sample of Chinese nonfinancial firms listed on the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2008 to 2018 by applying the ordinary least squares regression method. To deal with the endogeneity issues, this study also performs a series of additional tests. Findings The results indicate that the effects of CEOSB on the firm innovation activities are positive and significant. Further, this study finds that CEOs’ compensation and IPR protection positively and significantly moderate the CEOSB-innovation relationship. These outcomes are robust to a series of additional tests. Research limitations/implications The results of this study have valuable implications for various stakeholders interested in stimulating innovation. To sum up, the results of this study inculcate these stakeholders that the enhancement of firm innovation is contingent on the appropriate selection of CEOs, effective compensation packages and IPR regulations. Originality/value Distinct from the existent studies, the focus of the study is on the perspectives of CEOs’ scientific backgrounds. Further, based on agency theory, this study also reports how CEOs’ compensation and IPR protection moderate the CEOSB-innovation relationship, which has not been tested earlier to our knowledge, especially in the context of an emerging economy like China.

Protection and Regulation of Intellectual Property Rights in Multinational Enterprises

With the rapid development of economic globalization, the internationalization of intellectual property system has gradually come into the view of the public and multinational enterprises. Discussing the issue of intellectual property rights, many international organizations and countries themselves have relevant legal systems. They have also clarified the application of law in solving disputes. On the basis of the legal system of intellectual property established by various international organizations and the judicial practice of typical cases, this paper illustrates the legal application, protection and regulation of intellectual property. In fact, the whole international community has formed a relatively complete legal system, and there are universal solutions for dispute settlement and regulation. As far as China is concerned, on the basis of using the international community and the legal system of other countries for reference, it is necessary to further improve the legislation in the field of intellectual property rights, especially in the emerging fields with legal gaps.

Co-Ownership of Communal Intellectual Property in Perspective Support to Regional Tourism

Purpose: The aim of this research is to determine the extent to which cross-conceptions in intellectual property rights can be resolved, and ultimately can be used to support efforts to record the legality of rights both individually and communally. The next goal is to encourage communal intellectual property to become a regional tourism commodity.   Theoritical Reference: Theoretically, Intellectual Property Rights have an individual and personal nature, while communal intellectual property actually has a communal nature. So, placing communal intellectual property rules into intellectual property rights law brings about theoretical confusion.   Method: The research method used uses a doctrinal approach by collecting data through literature study and then presenting it. Data were analyzed descriptively.   Result and conclusion: This study found: the fact that IPR legislation in Indonesia places communally owned objects into IPR legislation, such as the inclusion of Geographical Indications containing Communal Intellectual Property in the Trademark and Geographical Indications Law, which is actually a statutory regulation. IPR invitation (personal). Likewise, the further impact is the weak potential for utilizing economic rights in the form of loss of potential tourism commodities, especially regional tourism. It is concluded that there is equalization of intellectual property legal institutions, namely the incorporation of communal intellectual property objects into intellectual property legislation. Even though this equality does not constitute equal distribution of legal principles, the resulting legal consequences weaken the economic influence of a commodity. Optimizing the economic potential of communal intellectual property, especially to support regional tourism development, will be disrupted.   Research Implication: This research has implications for harmonization of the principles of intellectual property law so that they can be applied in the development of economic rights, especially in the tourism sector.   Originality/value: This research is something new because it not only looks at conflicting conceptions in the regulation of intellectual property rights, but synergizes with legal benefit factors, namely the economic impact of tourism that can be achieved if.

Climate impact, institutional context, and national climate change adaptation IP protection rates

We study how the physical effects of climate change motivate entrepreneurs to develop and protect climate change adaptation (CCA) intellectual property (IP) in heterogeneous ways across countries. Integrating the sustainable entrepreneurship literature with the attention-based view, we show that country-level climate impact redirects managerial attention to the disruptive potential of climate change and spurs the sector into action to pursue and protect CCA-related IP. We also find that strong intellectual-property rights regulations and environmental movements in countries strengthen this effect. Our results extend the sustainable entrepreneurship literature by showing how the geography of climate impact explains how CCA IP protection efforts are distributed globally. Executive summaryWhy do entrepreneurs in some countries engage in more climate change adaptation (CCA) intellectual property (IP) protection than others? We postulate that entrepreneurs' attention is simultaneously situated in their country's climatic and institutional environments, and that these contexts shape the salience of CCA IP protection. Formally, we predict that entrepreneurs who would normally deprioritize CCA IP protection as an opportunity in the face of more urgent socioeconomic issues become more attuned to it as their country's climate impact increases. We then theorize institutional conditions that influence entrepreneurs' responsiveness to climate impact. First, we predict that stronger intellectual property rights institutions reduce entrepreneurs' uncertainty in capturing rents from their CCA IP and hence strengthen the relationship between climate impact and CCA IP protection. Second, we predict that informal institutions aligned with environmental movements increase the salience of climate impacts to corporate entrepreneurs by spurring their interests in environmental issues and hence also strengthen the climate impact-CCA IP protection relationship. Our empirical analyses using 689 country-year observations consisting of 95 countries over the period 2005 to 2015 reveal that country-level climate impact drives CCA IP protection, especially when there are strong intellectual property rights (IPR) regimes and environmental movements.

Pengaturan Hak Kekayaan Intelektual dalam Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean dan Implikasinya bagi Indonesia

Nowadays, the intellectual property rights (IPR) have received great attention from countries related to the utilization of IPR that can be of high economic value. In the blueprint of the ASEAN Economic Community 2015 also contains that ASEAN wants to realize a single market with free traffic flow, among other things, to the field of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). The problems in this research are firstly, how is the system of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection in the framework of trade liberalization in ASEAN Economic Community ?; and secondly, what are the implications of the application of the intellectual property rights system within the framework of ASEAN to the regulation of intellectual property rights (IPR) in Indonesia?. This research is a legal research that is juridical normative with legal history and legal comparison approaches, emphasizing on secondary data obtained from literature study and supported by primary data in the form of interviews obtained from field research. The specification of this research is descriptive analytical. The data collected were analyzed by qualitative juridical. The results of this study are; Firstly, the legal protection system of Intellectual Property Rights in ASEAN in the framework of trade liberalization through the ASEAN Economic Community 2015 is based on the ASEAN Intellectual Property Rights Action Plan 2011-2015/ASEAN IPR and ASEAN Charter. Furthermore, the two legal instruments are within the content of ASEAN Intellectual Property Rights Action Plan 2011-2015 and the Preamble of ASEAN Charter and Article 1 (points 5, 6 and 11). The ASEAN Charter contains the concept of Welfare State law in which the purpose of the provisions of such law shall be one of them in the framework of the interests of the welfare of ASEAN society as existing in the concept of the welfare state; and Secondly, in the framework of the realization of the ASEAN IPR Action Plan 2011-2015 in the ASEAN Economic Community, then Indonesia has adjusted by amending several regulations of legislation which are within the scope of intellectual property rights such as the Law no. 19 of 2002 with the Law no. 28 of 2014 on Copyright and the Law no. 15 of 2001 with Law no. 20 of 2016 on Trademarks and Geographical Indications to deal with the era of global trade.

The Utilization of Cultural Artifacts Used in Business Activities Reviewed from Intellectual Property Rights Regulations in Indonesia

The utilization of cultural artifacts used in business activities requires an utilization permit from The Department of Tourism or The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. In utilizing them, legal protection is necessary to ensure the protection of human rights. Permission to utilize cultural artifacts is mandatory, and sanctions will imposed. This research uses the doctrinal approach by analyzing secondary data, especially about intellectual property rights regulations. The results of this research conclude that to utilize cultural artifacts in business activities requires permission from the Department of Tourism or The Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology. Utilizing cultural artifacts in business activities ruled by Articles No. 32-38 of Law No. 5 of 2017 on Cultural Advancement and Article No. 33 of Government Regulation No. 56 of 2022 on Communal Intellectual Property. Those articles discussed that any person who wants to utilize cultural artifacts has to get permission from the minister above, otherwise will get administrative sanctions. The mentioned administrative sanctions include verbal warnings, written warnings, administrative fines, temporary cessation of activities, and revocation of permits

Some aspects of legal regulation of scientific discovery in geology as an object of intellectual property

The article conducts research and analysis of the state of legislative regulation of intellectual property rights for scientific discovery in geology. The concept of intellectual property right and expediency to recognize scientific discovery as object of intellectual property right are considered. This takes into account the fact that, once a scientific discovery is made public, it becomes a public domain and can be freely used by any interested person. The legislative definition of the concept of «scientific discovery» and the list of geological discoveries, to which the norms of the Civil Code of Ukraine on scientific discovery do not apply, are resulted.The article shows an imperfect state of the question on possibility of protection of the right to scientific discovery and its protection due to absence of legislative regulation in this sphere. The author of the scientific discovery may give the discovery his name or a special name. The author’s right to scientific discovery is certified by a diploma. It is noted that authorship for scientific discovery requires legal regulation, because there is no certainty as to whether foreigners, stateless persons or only citizens of Ukraine can be the authors of a scientific discovery in Ukraine.It is noted that the current legislation of Ukraine does not regulate what activities can be carried out scientific discovery. To date, it has not been established whether scientific discoveries can only be made on the basis of experiments conducted in a laboratory or in the course of any other activity. It is noted that the legislation of Ukraine contains gaps in the regulation of the concept of «scientific discovery» in general and in the field of geology, including. Therefore, there is a need to develop a law that will regulate the protection of the right to scientific discovery, the detailed procedure for acquiring the right to scientific discovery, the list of subjects of the right to scientific discovery, an exhaustive or non-exhaustive list of activities in which scientific discovery can be made, as well as the regulation of relevant activities.

The Application of Essential Facilities Doctrine in Antitrust Regulation of IP Rights

The State Administration for Market Regulation has referred to the concept of "essential facilities" in two regulations, and some courts have utilized the essential facilities doctrine in their judgments to recognize a defendant's refusal to deal as an illegal act of monopolization. As a doctrine originally applicable only to tangible properties in the United States, the essential facilities doctrine has gradually evolved through case law to be applied in the context of intellectual property (IP) rights. Nevertheless, there remains significant controversy in China and other jurisdictions as to whether the essential facilities doctrine can be extended to IP rights. Given the fundamental differences between intangible and tangible properties, as well as the core mechanisms of IP laws, greater caution and limits must be exercised when applying the essential facilities doctrine to IP. Specifically, (1) compulsory licensing should only be implemented when the IP in question is deemed an essential facility; (2) Article 7 of the Provisions on the Prohibition of the Abuse of Intellectual Property to Eliminate or Restrict Competition should be interpreted as "harm the competition in the secondary market"; and (3) in cases involving compulsory licensing, the court should examine whether such licensing would have an unreasonable adverse impact on the rights holder.

Intellectual property rights to the research results of a Ukrainian scientist working abroad and foreign scientists, working in Ukraine

Keywords: protection of intellectual property, researcher, international scientific cooperation,research, work abroad
 The practice of universities and scientific organizations in the EU, the USA, the documents ofthe EU Framework Programs for Research and Innovation, WIPO on the regulation ofintellectual property rights on inventions and other objects used or created by a researchertemporarily working in another scientific organization or university, includingabroad is considered. It is noted that, as a rule, institutions apply two approaches: determiningthe specifics of the researcher's stay in the partner institution in the cooperationagreement. And also, in the case of individual grants, scholarships, the definition of theterms of settlement of IP rights in the IP policy of the institution and the contract withthe researcher. In cooperation agreements, it is essential to define the background IPused during research, as well as the conditions for acquiring rights to foreground IP, includingthose created jointly by the parties.In the case of individual grants, scholarships, it is relevant to determine whether duringthe research it is intended to use background IP, the rights to which belong to the researcher'sinstitution. If so, this provides for the need to conclude an agreement betweenthe host institution and the institution of the researcher on the use of the background.Depending on the degree of use of background IP by the institutions of the researcherand the financial contribution or provision of equipment at the host institution, the issueof distribution of IP rights to foreground IP should be envisaged in such an agreement.In the case of the researcher's obligations to preserve confidential information abouthis institution, the host institution must make sure that such confidential information isnot used when conducting research. In the event that such use may be necessary, thehost institution and the researcher institution should enter into a non-disclosure agreement.The article provides recommendations of the Center for Intellectual Property Studiesand Technology Transfer of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine regarding thesettlement of IP protection issues in various options for a researcher, visiting foreign scientificinstitution (university). Academic mobility provided for by Ukrainian legislationcan also be a tool for the settlement of these issues, with the possibility of regulation of IPissues in agreement between partner institutions and contract with the researcher.

Intellectual property statute in Private International Law

The article highlights the comparative analysis of the conflict-of-laws regulation of intellectual property rights in international, European and Russian law. It is concluded that lex loci protectionis as the main conflict-of laws rule in this area has an ambiguous interpretation, cannot be recognized as lex fori – the law of the country where the competent court is seated, but should be generally understood as the law of the country where the legal protection of the relevant intellectual property object is provided. In addition, in some cases it seems reasonable to apply lex loci originis, lex loci actus and lex loci delicti, as well as lex voluntatis and lex loci solutionis – to contractual relations. In the case of non-contractual infringement of intellectual property rights granted and protected on the territory of several states, including on the Internet, the key issue is to establish the closest connection of the civil legal relationship with a particular state, taking into account various factors (the place of origin or registration of an intellectual property object, the place of committing infringement, the place of occurrence of negative consequences for the intellectual right holder, the orientation of a website to a specific state, the location of a competent court, etc.). It is also argued to enshrine the provisions on the intellectual property statute in Section VI “Private International Law” of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, including the following issues of its scope: a) authorship; b) types of protected intellectual property objects; c) requirements for the legal protection of intellectual property objects, including registration issues and other formalities to be executed; d) the types, content and effect of intellectual rights arising in relation to intellectual property objects, including the restrictions provided by law and the duration of legal protection; e) the emergence, exercise and termination of intellectual rights, including permissible ways of disposing of them; f) non-contractual protection of intellectual rights.

Copyright Protection Against the Act of Covering Songs on Youtube Channels in the Regulation of Intellectual Property Rights in Indonesia

This study aims to determine and describe the form of copyright protection against the act of covering songs on YouTube channels in the regulation of intellectual property rights in Indonesia. The research method used is normative juridical by examining through literature studies. The results of the research based on Article 5 and Article 9 of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright, the creator gets legal protection related to songs uploaded by other parties through Youtube which applies anywhere regardless of the media used to announce a song. In addition, songwriters get legal protection from Youtube, namely Youtube will delete videos that violate copyright, but this is only implemented by Youtube if it has received notification of copyright infringement. The legal consequences for Youtube that continues to broadcast songs uploaded without the creator's permission is the closure of the Youtube site as a whole.

BREEDING ACHIEVEMENT IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AS AN OBJECT OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS AND AN OBJECT OF INHERITANCE IN UKRAINE AND THE WORLD

Global trends are now focused on such challenges as climate change, food security, the development of biotechnology and genetic engineering, and the transition to non-conventional fuels. The problems of promoting each of them in the global world are related to the need for free agricultural potential, the availability of effective and unified legal regulation, first of all, of breeding achievements in animal husbandry regarding the intellectual property rights of breeders, its protection both during life and for heirs, since a patent for an animal breed is an indisputable right of the inventor, which acts as a kind of legal monopoly, the provision of which is guaranteed by the state, and patent protection negates commercial use in the absence of the consent of its owner. The purpose of the study is to analyse certain issues of legal regulation of intellectual property rights to breeding achievements in animal husbandry in Ukraine and proposals for its improvement through the implementation of the global experience. The research methods were chosen considering the goals and objectives. During the research, philosophical (hermeneutical), general scientific (logical, generalisation, praxeological, modelling, predictive, and bibliographic), and special legal (formal-legal, comparative-legal) methods of scientific knowledge were used. The study examines the current state of breeding achievements in animal husbandry and the legal basis for regulating its establishment, protection, and the possibility of inclusion in the breeder's inherited property. Problematic issues in the legal framework for the establishment and implementation of intellectual property rights to breeding achievements in animal husbandry, ways to eliminate relevant conflicts are proposed. The study analyses the international experience in processing law enforcement documents for breeders and the possibility of protecting their rights. The research materials can be useful for lawyers-researchers, business entities engaged in breeding in animal husbandry, teachers, postgraduates, students of law schools, civil servants, and all those who are not indifferent to the issues under study.

The Analysis of Corporate Crime in Indonesia’s Intellectual Property Laws

<p><em>White-collar crime</em> is a type of crime that involves a large number of individuals, is carried out in a structured, large-scale manner, and results in significantly greater losses than conventional crimes. Given the growing number of organizations, the potential for white-collar crime is currently reasonably high. Corporations are able to commit various crimes, particularly those motivated by profit, such as infringements on intellectual property rights. Given that many of today's intellectual property rights holders are corporations, corporations and intellectual property rights have a strong link. This is understandable given that firms have more resources and cash to invest in developing new products that can be protected by intellectual property rights. As a result of the tight relationship between intellectual property rights and corporations, the government must be aware of potential intellectual property rights violations committed by corporations. This article aims to see if the current set of intellectual property rights legislation can handle corporate crimes. The method employed in this research is a normative juridical method with a statutory approach to produce clear findings from the formulation of corporate crime under intellectual property rights regulations. The study's findings demonstrate how unprepared existing clusters of intellectual property regulations are to deal with prospective corporate criminal activities. The criteria and system of corporate responsibility, as well as alternative consequences for firms, are pretty minimum in these numerous statutes, starting with the framing of the issue of punishment. As a result, based on vicarious liability theory and the corporate culture model, this article proposes that corporations be recognized as punishable entities under all laws controlling intellectual property rights and the establishment of firm standards and corporate obligations. In addition, this study offers suggestions for the types and amounts of punishments that might be appropriate for corporations.</p>

Intellectual Property Rights in China-A Literature Review on the Public's Perspective.

Despite significant advances in terms of the adoption of formal Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection, enforcement of and compliance with IPR regulations remains a contested issue in one of the world's major contemporary economies—China. The present review seeks to offer insights into possible reasons for this discrepancy as well as possible paths of future development by reviewing prior literature on IPR in China. Specifically, it focuses on the public's perspective, which is a crucial determinant of the effectiveness of any IPR regime. It uncovers possible differences with public perspectives in other countries and points to mechanisms (e.g., political, economic, cultural, and institutional) that may foster transitions over time in both formal IPR regulation and in the public perception of and compliance with IPR in China. On this basis, the review advances suggestions for future research in order to improve scholars' understanding of the public's perspective of IPR in China, its antecedents and implications.

The role of the state in the development of science and innovation

The article deals with questions about the role and importance of the state in the development of science and innovation. Particular attention is paid to the issues of intellectual property, legislative difficulties in the regulation of intellectual property rights are identified. The author recognizes the special role of the state in supporting socially significant areas such as science, production, and innovative achievements. The article formulates modern trends in the development of science in the Russian Federation, assesses the structural changes taking place in this area, and proves that the development of the state in modern conditions is associated with a qualitative revision of the content of policy, including the legal policy of the state in relation to science and innovation processes

Protection of intellectual property rights in the field of biotechnology

Keywords: intellectual property rights, biotechnologies, patenting, legal protection,legislation
 Current trends of globalization and the process of European integrationof Ukraine necessitate the creation of an effective mechanism of legal regulationof intellectual property rights in the field of biotechnology, due to the constitutionalprovisions according to which human life and health are the highest value inthe state. The purpose of the study was to determine the legal regulation of protection
 of intellectual property rights in the field of biotechnology. Empirical and theoreticalmethods of scientific cognition are used for comprehensive consideration of the topicof the article. It has been found that modern biotechnological advances require inventorsnot only to secure monopoly rights to use them, but also to comply with the moraland ethical criteria for the perception of inventions created by genetic engineeringand living matter. It is determined that the legal system of intellectual property protectionin the field of biotechnology is based on the provisions of the Constitution ofUkraine, the Civil Code of Ukraine, regulations in the field of health and agriculture,international treaties and special legislation in the field of intellectual property. It isestablished that the system of legal protection of biotechnological inventions consistsof the acquisition of intellectual property rights to these inventions (establishment ofthe object of patenting and compliance with patentability, state registration of inventions)and the use and disposal of intellectual property rights to such inventions. Alegislative support of legal protection of biotechnological inventions is seen in furtherempirical research and theoretical and methodological substantiation in order to determinethe legal mechanisms of their practical implementation.

DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE STATE’S FOREIGN TRADE POLICY

Background. The impact of digital transformations on financial, invest­ment and trade flows requires the introduction of appropriate incentives and the reduction of restrictive practices. The lack of coordination between national governments and international organizations in establishing mechanisms and instruments increases the risk of instability zones. Modern regulatory instruments applied by countries may be twofold, owing to the nature of digital technologies. In sum, the issue of improving foreign trade policy is actual and requires further research and practical consideration. The aim of the articleis to develop theoretical, methodological and practical approaches to the regulation of the foreign trade policy digital transformation process. Materials and methods. Database of statistical and analytical materials of international organizations (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, World Economic Forum), national statistical offices, centres of expertise and in-house research were used. The study used economic analysis, comparison, grouping and systematization methods. Results. The article examines the theoretical, methodological and practical approaches to regulating the process of digital transformation of foreign trade policy. It is determined that the main directions of regulatory practices are the rules for data transfer, consolidation and regulation of intellectual property rights, data protection of consumers of information services, ethics of digital products. The classification of tools of digital transformation of foreign trade policy is formed. Conclusion. The growing share of digital goods and services in inter­national trade has intensified the complex aspects of global cooperation among countries to develop the digital economy and to regulate joint activities in the creation of physical and virtual mobility rules. For Ukraine, it is important to accelerate the pace of implementation of planned measures and to strengthen the development and introduction of stimulating tools for the development of the destiny of the digital sector in the economy.

Breeding achievement in animal breeding as an object of intellectual property law and international experience of its protection

Intellectual property rights are prescribed in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. A patent for an animal breed is the exclusive right of the inventor to its breeding achievement, it is a legal monopoly ensured by the state, and patent protection makes it impossible to use it commercially without the consent of its owner. The modern-day challenges are directly related to ensuring food security. The practical application of breeding achievements in animal husbandry lies in the genetic improvement of animals in the “economic aspect”, which directly affects the level of investment and remuneration for breeders, and from this the need for effective legal protection of intellectual property rights increases. In this regard, the purpose of this paper was to investigate the legal regulation of intellectual property rights for breeding achievements in animal husbandry, proposals for its improvement through the study of international practices. During this study, philosophical, general scientific and special legal methods of scientific cognition were used, which were chosen considering the purpose and objectives of this study. Based on the analysis of regulations governing the procedure for obtaining legal protection of breeding achievements in animal husbandry, the paper examines problematic positions and suggests ways to eliminate conflicts in the legal regulation of these issues. The international practices regarding the execution of law enforcement documents for breeders and the possibility of protecting their rights was also analysed. The materials of this paper are of practical value for further investments, improvements, and identification of new issues in research of breeding achievements in animal husbandry.

PROBLEMS OF POLICY REGULATION ON ROBOTICS

The article discusses the main problems in the field of legal regulation of the functioning of the robots, definition of “robot”, as well as the understanding, interpretation, and evaluation of the civil liability for the robot’s actions are viewed in the paper. The article analyses the possibility of endowing robots with legal personality, as well as various approaches to liability for damage caused by a robot to property or to a person. The question is raised about bringing the robot to criminal and civil liability. The question is raised about the regulation of intellectual property rights to an object created by a robot. If a robot creates music, a picture or text, who owns the rights to them: the robot developer or the head of the creative process, whether the robot itself. The article analyses a feature that is very important for the legal perspective of the problem – it is a turn from understanding a robot as an entertainment product to the direction of development and research of social interaction between a robot and a human. The question is raised about the need to adopt new legal norms aimed at regulating the legal status of a robot, liability for damage caused by it, as well as legal problems of intellectual property associated with the functioning of robots. The analysis of the legal frameworks regarding robots in different countries of the world is performed. The article introduces the need to develop appropriate legislative support in the field of robotics: interpreting the term “robot”, determining the legal regime of its functioning, developing a unified approach to liability for harm caused by a robot and developing uniform rules for protecting intel-lectual property rights when using a robot. Legal regulation is necessary not only at the national level, but also globally.